Groundnut has spread from its centre of origin in the Matto Grosso State of Brazil to most tropical, sub-tropical, and warm temperate regions between 40° North and 40° South latitudes. This dissemination indicates adaptability to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, and to the value of the crop for food, oil, and feed. Groundnut can be grown in a wide range of temperate and humid regions, but maximum production comes from the semiarid tropics. Optimum temperature ranges between 20 and 30º C; productivity is limited below 16º C and above 32º C. The thermal time requirement for groundnut depends upon cultivar and ranges from 1800 to 2400 degree-days (at a base temperature of 10ºC) or heat units.
Growing degree days are the measure of heat accumulation during the growing season. Developmental events in plants are dependent upon accumulation of specific quantities of heat, thus the concept of growing degree days helps predict developmental events regardless of temperature variations from year to year. Growing degree days are calculated for each day as the average of maximum and minimum temperature, and subtracting the base threshold temperature (here being 10° C). The crop can also be grown in regions with a rainfall ranging from 200 to 1000 mm. The effects of temperature and drought are discussed in more detail in later sections. Groundnut is affected by day length and light intensity.
The crop prefers clear days with lots of sunlight for optimum production. It is a day-neutral plant with the flowering time controlled by temperature. However, photoperiod plays an important role in reproductive efficiency (flowers producing pegs and pods), and assimilate distribution during the post-flowering period. Long days promote vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. During the post-flowering period, reproductive development is restricted when the photoperiod increases from 13 to 16 hours of day length.
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In addition,
long days and high temperature further reduce reproductive efficiency. Certain
cultivars are also sensitive to photoperiod as the time of flowering is influenced
by photoperiod. Soil selection for groundnut
is very important because pods are produced under the surface. The best soil
for groundnut production is well-drained, light
colored sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam. Light textured soils ease penetration
of pegs and development of pods. In addition, this also aids in easy harvesting
and in minimizing pod losses during harvest
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