OZSTAR has the best roasters of various capacities to give you the perfectly roasted peanuts! We also provide additional equipment for flavouring and seasoning the nuts. OZSTAR also provides additional flavoring and seasoning equipment for nuts We manufacture different capacity to suit demand. This stainless steel is of high quality and can be controlled from the touch screen control panel. High soil temperature adversely affects the growth and survival of rhizobia in soils and their symbiotic association with legumes, and prevents nodulation.
Soil and root temperatures in tropical and subtropical regions are often in the range of 35° to 40° C and are detrimental to nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. At these hot temperatures, the groundnut root biomass is reduced and the roots are thin, unbranched and with very few root hairs and so produce fewer nodules. Groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis is completely inhibited by a soil temperature of 40° C.
The effects
are due not only to the failure of nodulation but also to the inability of
nodules to function even if they were formed. Hot temperatures adversely affect
the process of infection more than the process of nodule growth. Continuous
exposures to a root temperature of 37° C reduce total nitrogen
content by 49% due to impaired nodule function, but it does not reduce
nodulation. In the SAT, surface soil temperatures can occasionally reach 50° C
or more at 5cm depth, which is sufficient to inhibit germination of seeds and
to kill many bacteria. Most of the heterotrophic free living nitrogen fixing
bacteria and rhizobia are not resistant to desiccation, and excessive soil
temperatures can therefore kill most of the bacteria in the surface layers of
dry soils.
Many aspects of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis are affected by hot root temperatures, including: growth and survival of rhizobia formation of root hairs; binding of rhizobial cells to the surface of root hairs; formation of infection threads; structure and development of root nodules; leghemoglobin content of nodules; activity of the nitrogenase enzyme; and the nitrogen concentration and dry matter production of nodulated plants.
Temperatures of 30° and 35° C significantly reduce the nitrogenase activity of groundnut root nodules as compared to those at a temperature of 25° C. The optimum temperature for the symbiotic system in groundnut is comparable with other tropical and subtropical grain legumes. The inhibition of nitrogen fixation due to heat stress varies between crops; for soybean it is 30° C, for pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) it is 25° C, and for alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and faba bean (Vicia faba) it is 20° C. 10.2.
Drought Stress The effect
of drought on groundnut growth and development depends on the stage of crop
growth, the duration of drought stress, and the intensity of the stress. About
500-700 mm of moisture is required for optimum yield depending on the climatic
conditions.
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